‘Reasonably Foreseeable’ Victim Evidence

‘Reasonably Foreseeable’ Victim Evidence 1.  Davina Davina must prove that her depression is medically-recognised (McLoughlin v. O’Brian (1983)) caused by the accident and that she was a ‘reasonably foreseeable’ victim. She must also show that her injury would be foreseeable in a person of reasonable fortitude (Page v. Smith (1996)). Davina is a secondary victim (Alcock v. Chief Constable of South Yorkshire Police (1992)) so must establish a close relationship between herself and Bertram, proximity to the accident and that her injury came through sight or hearing of it. Bertram is Davina’s brother; Davina heard the accident and attended immediately afterwards thus her claim should succeed, Whitchester District Council The pothole may constitute a breach of the Council’s duty under section 41 of the Highways Act 1980 to maintain ‘highways maintainable at public expense’. However, section 58 provides a defence if the Council took reasonable care to ‘secure that the part of the highway†¦ was not dangerous to traffic’. Therefore, if the Council carries out regular inspection and makes timely repairs it will have fulfilled its duty. Ethelred Ethelred may be vicariously liable for Conrad’s negligence, since Conrad is an employee (Ready Mixed Concrete (South East) Ltd v. Minister of Pensions and National Insurance (1968)) acting in the course of employment; although Conrad had finished his deliveries, he was going back to the depot and thus not ‘on a frolic of his own’ (Joel v. Morrison (1834)). Conrad Conrad owed Bertram the recognised duty between road users (Caparo v. Dickman (1990)) and must reach the standard of a reasonably competent driver (Nettleship v. Weston (1971)). Conrad was ‘hurrying’ back to the depot suggesting he was speeding or driving carelessly particularly since he was unable to stop in time. In a case involving multiple causes of injury, Bertram only needs to show that a breach materially contributed to the damage (Bonnington Castings Ltd v. Wardlaw (1956)). Running Bertram over with his lorry would cause a reasonably foreseeable (The Wagon Mound (No 1) (1961)) material contribution to his injuries which would not have occurred ‘but for’ Conrad’s negligence (Barnett v. Chelsea and Kensington Hospital Management (1969)). Alphonse Alphonse owed Bertram the recognised legal duty of care between road users (Caparo) and must show the same standard of care as a reasonably competent and experienced driver (Nettleship v. Weston). There is nothing to suggest that Alphonse was driving carelessly before hitting the pothole. It is unlikely that he will be liable to Bertram. It is likely that his broken wrist would be too remote for liability to arise (Wagon Mound). Alphonse should have been aware of the difficulties walking whilst wearing a neck collar and taken extra care on stairs. Bertram By stepping into the road without looking, Bertram could be considered to be contributorily negligent. The existence of a duty of care is irrelevant (Jones v. Livox (1952). If Bertram is found to be contributorily negligent any damages will be reduced to the extent that his carelessness caused his injuries, considering the relative blameworthiness of the parties. (500 words) 2. Private nuisance Private nuisance can be defined as unlawful interference with use or enjoyment of land. The claimant must be the landowner (Hunter v. Canary Wharf Ltd (1997)) and the interference must be an unreasonable state of affairs causing damage or personal discomfort as a result. Lordly is the landowner. Frequent bonfires will constitute a state of affairs. In considering whether this is unreasonable, the character of the neighbourhood will be considered (St Helens Smelting Co v. Tipping (1865)) in relation to the degree and type of interference that could be expected in that locality. It is likely that frequent burning of tyres on village outskirts would be unreasonable. Lordly has been unable to enjoy his garden because of the smell; smell is recognised as a recognised category of nuisance (Wheeler v. JJ Saunders Ltd (1996)). Sumpoil would be liable as the creator of the nuisance. Chip will not be able to bring a claim for disruption to his mobile phone as he is not the landowner. Public nuisance Public nuisance can be defined as nuisance which materially affects the reasonable comfort and convenience of a class of Her Majesty’s subjects (A-G v. PYA Quarries Ltd (1957)). Road users have been held to constitute a class (Castle v. St Augustine’s Links (1922)). Moreover, the claimant must have suffered special (particular) damage, which must be different in nature or extent from that suffered by the rest of the class. The smoke has adversely affected visibility for drivers and thus affects their convenience Lordly has suffered further damage and could therefore bring a claim in public nuisance against Sumpoil. Harassment Section 3 of the Protection from Harassment Act 1997 creates a statutory tort of harassment, satisfied if the defendant pursues a course of conduct (on at least two occasions (section 7(3)) that causes another to experience harassment. Such conduct can include words (section 7(4)). Therefore, Chip’s frequent swearing at Sumpoil may give rise to liability for harassment if it caused Sumpoil to feel harassed, alarmed or distressed. Assault and battery Battery is defined as the intentional direct application of force to another person. An assault is an act which causes the reasonable apprehension of infliction of a battery. Sumpoil walked up to Chip carrying a large wrench.. If Chip reasonably apprehended that Sumpoil was going to hit him, then Sumpoil would be liable for assault. Chip punching Sumpoil on the nose would constitute a battery, and, if Sumpoil apprehended the punch, would also give rise to an assault. Interference with business Lordly interfered with the supply of goods to Sumpoil’s business and may be liable for the tort of interfering with business if he knew of the existence of the contract and intend to interfere with its performance (Merkur Island Shipping Corp v. Laughten(1983)) without sufficient justification, leading to an actual breach of contract, causing damage. However, it is not clear whether the delays in delivery constituted a breach of contract or whether Sumpoil suffered resulting loss. (500 words) List of cases A-G v. PYA Quarries Ltd [1957] 1 All ER 894 Alcock v. Chief Constable of South Yorkshire Police [1992] 1 AC 310 Barnett v. Chelsea and Kensington Hospital Management [1969] 1 QB 428 Bonnington Castings Ltd v. Wardlaw [1956] AC 613 Caparo v. Dickman [1990] 1 All ER 568 Castle v. St Augustine’s Links (1922) 38 TLR 615 Hunter v. Canary Wharf Ltd [1997] AC 655 Joel v. Morrison (1834) 6 C P 501 Jones v. Livox Quarries [1952] 2 QB 608 McLoughlin v. O’Brian [1983] AC 410 Merkur Island Shipping Corp v. Laughten[1983] 2 AC 570 Nettleship v. Weston [1971] 2 QB 691 Page v. Smith [1996] 1 AC 155 Ready Mixed Concrete (South East) Ltd v. Minister of Pensions and National Insurance [1968] 1 All ER 433 St Helens Smelting Co v. Tipping (1865) 11 HLC 642 The Wagon Mound (No 1) [1961] 1 All ER 404 Wheeler v. JJ Saunders Ltd [1996] Ch 19 Bibliography Howarth, DR and O’Sullivan, JA (2003) Heppel Howarth Matthews Tort Cases Materials (5th edition), LexisNexis Butterworths, London Mullis A and Oliphant K (2003) Torts (3rd edition), Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke Rogers WVH (2002) Winfield Jolowicz on Tort (16th edition), Sweet and Maxwell, London

The World of the Shining Prince: Court Life in Japan

Ivan Morris’ The World of the Shining Prince: Court Life in Japan is an appraisal and an attempt to restore the imaginary life of Prince Genji in the highly illustrious Lady Murasaki’s Genji Monogatari and, for the most part, to portray Japan’s regal, entrenched, strange yet vibrant world. The manuscript was both a source of pleasure to those who would want to enjoy the splendor of literature and a good source of knowledge regarding the Land of the Rising Sun – its history and culture – details that even history failed to recount. This book has, beyond a doubt, disclosed the most intriguing and accomplished culture in our world, mulled over Japan’s classical age of marriage politics and the turbulent political currents of court life, the rise of aristocracy, Buddhists’ and Confucians’ doctrines of salvation and impermanence, the pursuit for elegance and refinement, the roles men and women play, over and above women’s role in the patriarchal society during their time. Physically, little was known about the odd yet amusing country which was â€Å"divided into large estates ruled by feudal baronies, dominated by military men who for over a century had kept the islands in a state of almost perpetual warfare,† (p. xxiii). There was already a well-established religion, rooted in Buddhism and Confucianism. Religious leaders are, in general, wealthy, powerful, and often wielded political influence that they, at times, oppose with secular authorities in supervising the territories. Provincial warriors also rose during the Heian period. Although, the West might have thought of their supreme power since they are physically trained, samurai warriors enjoyed no prestige among the nobles. It was only later that they ascended, which eventually lead to taking power. The Heian epoch is indubitably considered the peak of the Japanese imperial court where sovereignty lays upon the emperor. Nonetheless, power was wielded by aristocratic families, particularly the Fujiwara clan. The emperor upholds dominion over most of the territory. But, he did not have much supremacy to rule with equal firmness over all of this vast territory compared to the aristocrats. The latter filtered out into various ranks. And it had been palpable that the imperative factor in determining an individual’s rank that time was the overall status of one’s extended family. In other words, hereditary privilege is an overwhelming factor in one’s general status. This is why landed gentry would most likely choose to marry those belonging in the upper crust for their personal gain and sustained stature. Aptitude and knowledge might enable someone to advance to some extent, but there was little room for social mobility. The members of the Japanese court have, indeed, lived opulent lives, concerning themselves with works of art aside from their primary occupation of managing lands and came to depend on a system of private estates (shoen) for revenues. A paradoxical fact of the condition of the lower class was also shown in the masterpiece and was noticed by Morris. Ignorant peasants in their society produce nearly all of the country’s wealth but for the most part are experiencing a filthy and wobbly life. The members of the imperial families put land tillers to work to enrich themselves rather than for the benefit of the whole country. Indeed, in the political sense, the period is known for the height of control of the noble families. On the other hand, Heian Japan is also noted for its cult of beauty. In other words, it is a culture that has put emphasis on â€Å"beautiful things† or the â€Å"splendid things. † History would tell us that the aristocrats, particularly the Fujiwara clan, fostered a court culture which devote much of their time on refined tastes and elegant aesthetic pursuits. Since the upper-class Heian life were believed to be confined in their palaces, men and women rarely venture the world outside their homes, â€Å"almost claustrophobic in nature, and living an indoor life to a large extent,† (p. 167), most of them had sufficient leisure time, giving them enough time to develop artistry. Consequently, they became great patrons of poetry, painting, calligraphy, music, dancing, and landscape gardening. Poetry, in fact, became one of the most important skills to develop. The mastery of its technique was necessary in both social exchanges and formal poetic gatherings. The central figure in the Tale of Genji, to whom this book was attributed, dwelt remotely from his relatives and would exchange notes, messages, or poems once they get to see each other, especially during family gatherings. Other spare time activities include sketching and painting depicted in Morris’ account of Genji’s sketches of the sea and the hills, during the Prince’s banishment in Suma, and arrived at a conclusion that â€Å"they were almost all amateur artists,† (p. 186). A popular form of drawing consisted of sketches of men and women. It appears that these sketches were erotic (p. 86), however, there were no other details provided that will substantiate the truth of this claim. But what is apparent is the influence of the Chinese even in the arts. These portrayals reveal to us a particular age and civilization of the extraordinarily sophisticated Japan – a part of the world away from the cultivation of the West, a country so outlandish yet very rich when it comes to art, literature, and culture. The remarkable sense of aesthetics, as Morris noted, and the extent to which aesthetic beauty substituted for moral goodness both defined the characteristic of this ancient society. The other element that should be taken into consideration during the Heian Period is the position of women in the society. The world before is, undeniably, patriarchal. Women are considered inferior to male; a mere shadow to male’s existence; living without freedom; living without name. However, Morris was able to point out women’s position in the society that time. To know that women in Heian Japan were economically independent, or at least semi-dependent, surprised him. He added that they also benefit from total subordination from the domineering sex. This would suggest that Heian women, so long as they are financially stable, can do whatever it is that pleases them, without men dictating it. It is true that women are not quite affiliated politically, yet they were able to do well out of the freedoms that the Western women were not able to enjoy. Although, women were by and large branded as inferior, they could legally inherit and even own properties, as well as engage themselves in all sorts of leisurely activities. In fact, most of Heian prose writers were women. Lady Murasaki, who wrote the Genji Monogatari, along with other world-renowned writers flourished during this period. According to Morris, many of the women then had their own houses and being economically independent, were free to have such relations as they wished and also to terminate them. Part of their freedom is that they could refuse their favor to a man,; they could keep him waiting; they could send him away at any time; or replace him by another lover. This freedom was perceived by Morris as promiscuous, freedom that he himself was not able to characterize during his time. The society that surrounds them is filled with male supremacy but women in this period had a niche of their own – a nook that they know can satisfy them in some ways, in spite of the fierce standards of conduct during that time. Morris also stressed out the intricate relation between men and women of this milieu. Men can only converse with women if the latter were behind curtains. And there were even characters who lived apart from their female relatives and would see them rarely. Morris (p. 167) viewed this as an exaggerated case of formality with regard to the relation of men and women. Incongruously, though, there were some characters like Prince Niou who go to bed with Naka no Kimi on their first meeting and for Kashiwagi to do the same with Prince Nyosan before they have spoken to each other (p. 167). This gives us the impression that women are again classed according to their economic potential. Women can have freedom only if they can keep up with the challenges freedom entails. Women can have their choices granted so long as they can cope with the consequences of their decisions. In Morris’ account of the Shining Prince’s world, we were able to have a glimpse of a paradise located at one part of the globe. Their exquisite traditions, highly majestic politics, the rise and fall of aristocracy, exceptional artistic expression, the pursuit of elegance, and fascinating literature have been one of the world’s wonderful crafts ever hewn in the history of mankind. Overall, Morris’ attempt to discuss the narrative of an Eastern country was a brave endeavor to overcome Western ignorance. He was able to bridge distinct cultures, bringing forth understanding and high regard of unique civilizations, and in turn, minimizing indifference. There may have been lapses in the judgment of Morris regarding Japan’s mysteries, however, somehow his work was able to give a picture of Heian society of aristocratic reign, astonishing veneration for beauty and sophistication, and finally for the depiction of the interesting roles men and women played during that period of classical Japan. Indeed, Morris has produced a work of art that will not only entertain you about Japan’s lovely mysteries but enfold an interesting tale of the efflorescence of an ancient civilization.

What is Sampling in Archaeology

Sampling is the practical, ethical method of dealing with large amounts of data to be investigated. In archaeology, it is not always prudent or possible to excavate all of a particular site  or survey all of a particular area. Excavating a site is expensive and labor-intensive and it is a rare archaeological budget that allows that. Secondly, under most circumstances, it is considered ethical to leave a portion of a site or deposit unexcavated, assuming that improved research techniques will be invented in the future. In those cases, the archaeologist must design an excavation or survey sampling strategy that will obtain enough information to allow reasonable interpretations of a site or area, while avoiding complete excavation. Scientific sampling needs to carefully consider how to obtain a thorough, objective sample that will represent the entire site or area. To do that, you need your sample to be both representative and random. Representative sampling requires that you first assemble a description of all the pieces of the puzzle that you expect to examine, and then select a subset of each of those pieces to study. For example, if you plan to survey a particular valley, you might first plot out all the kinds of physical locations that occur in the valley (floodplain, upland, terrace, etc.) and then plan to survey the same acreage in each location type, or the same percentage of area in each location type. Random sampling is also an important component: you need to understand all parts of a site or deposit, not just the ones where you might find the most intact or the most artifact-rich areas. Archaeologists often use a random number generator to select areas to study without bias. Sources See the Sampling in Archaeology Bibliography.

Business Law-Historical Development of the Tests - 1025 Words

We live in a legal system in which we all have a duty to protect other persons from harm. The question the court must examine is what degree of duty exists under what specific circumstances. Although there were some attempts in the late 19th century to develop a general test, there was no accepted test until 1932. Oslash; The neighbour test The classic formulation of the  ¡Ã‚ ®neighbour ¡Ã‚ ¯ test of Lord Atkin in Donoghue v Stevenson [1932] AC 562 is the most frequently cited attempt to rationalize the duty of care:  ¡Ã‚ °You must take reasonable care to avoid acts or omissions which you can reasonably foresee would be likely to injure your neighbour.  ¡Ã‚ ± Who then in law is my neighbour? He defined the neighbour as  ¡Ã‚ °persons who are so closely†¦show more content†¦There must be sufficient proximity between the plaintiff and the defendant, and the court must consider it just and equitable to impose a duty of care. So the test enunciated in Caparo appeared to be applied by courts as the traditional approach. Oslash; The present position Developments since Caparo indicate that the period of retraction may well be over and an era of new expansion began. For instance, the builder ¡Ã‚ ¯s liability in negligence extends to later owners of the property who were not the building ¡Ã‚ ¯s original owner  ¡Ã‚ ª e.g. Bryan v Maloney (1995) 182 CLR 609. Another important case is Perre v Apand Pty Ltd (1999) 198 CLR 180. In this case, the court held that D was in breach of its duty of care to prevent economic loss to the neighbouring potato growers (P) when it supplied the inon-certified at-risk seed to the potato grower, because it was foreseeable for D concerning the likelihood that neighbours might be harmfully affected, and the physical harm is not a pre-condition to liability in negligence for economic loss. It confirms that a person can claim damages for economic loss without having to show injury to person or property. Euml; Conclusion To sum up, compared with the traditional test set out in Donoghue or Caparo, the concepts on the existence of duty of care are put forward such as  ¡Ã‚ ®foreseeability ¡Ã‚ ¯,  ¡Ã‚ ®proximity ¡Ã‚ ¯ until today. And the cases suggest that the proper approachShow MoreRelatedPfeiffer University : University Application Requirements Essay1025 Words   |  5 Pagesmodest liberal arts college located in an average, small town. The university maintains historical ties with the United Methodist church, but they also offer innovative and engaging academic programs. Pfeiffer University has campuses in Misenheimer, which offers traditional undergraduate degrees, Raleigh-Durham, which offers graduate degrees and Charlotte, which offer graduate and professional degrees. 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CSR has been increasingly important in the global arena after the Enron scandal, and is a trendRead MoreSchool Profile : University Of Notre Dame Essay995 Words   |  4 PagesSchool Profile: University of Notre Dame The University of Notre Dame is a Catholic college located in suburban Indiana. The historical campus is an astounding 1,250 acres large. The university was founded in the 1840s by a local priest. Today, many priests still serve as staff, teachers and leaders. Notre Dame is four-year University that is continuously ranked among the top universities in the country and the world. The university receives over $10 billion of endowment funding, so they are one

The Seven Principles For Making Marriage Work Essay

Summary The Seven Principles for Making Marriage Work by John Gottman, 2000, 288 pages This is a book that puts forward what it portrays as seven rules that can guide couples toward a concordant and durable relationship. The book endeavors to expose a number of what it portrays as myths about marriages and also why they fail. The ideas in this book are definitely coming from the most appropriate channel due to the fact that Gottman, being a professor of psychology and the director and founder of the Seattle Marital and Family Institute, has carried out studies on the routines of married couples in remarkable detail through the span of numerous years. The seven standards Gottman sets out are for the lovers to improve their love maps; sustain affection and admiration; move in the direction of each other rather than away; allow their partner impact them; take care of their solvable issues; conquer gridlock, and make shared meaning. Direct in their approach, yet significant in their impact, these standards show partners new and amazing techniques for making their marriage work. These principles help couples concentrate on each other, on focusing on the little everyday moments that when hung together, make up the absolute entirety of any relationship. Being attentive to customary matters gives life partners a strong foundation for settling dispute when it does happen and discovering techniques for living or coping up with those issues that can t be settled. (Gottman, 2015) ForShow MoreRelatedThe Seven Principles For Making Marriage Work1123 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction John M. Gottman’s book The Seven Principles for Making Marriage Work provides insight on the seven fundamental tools to construct positive relationships. Through long years of research, Gottman studied married couples and noted degenerative behaviors that hindered the formation and attainment of a long and healthy marriage. 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Is It Okay to Cry at Work Free Essays

What factors do you think make some organizations ineffective at managing emotions? Firstly, I think that the complex human thinking is one of the factors that make the organizations hard to manage the emotions. Every person has his or her own emotions. Although in a same situation, they may not act in the same way. We will write a custom essay sample on Is It Okay to Cry at Work or any similar topic only for you Order Now Thus, the organizations face difficulties when they are dealing with their employees. This problem is even becoming worse when the organisation is very large and contains many employees from different background. Furthermore, the authority of an organisation sometimes finds out they themselves cannot control their own emotions as well. Besides, due to the business culture and etiquette which are still remain poorly in some of the organisations, it becomes a problem for the organisations to manage the emotions effectively. Some of the organisations have not practised the suitable business culture. For example, they will yell and shout at the employees when things go wrong just like the second case mentioned. This shows that some of the organisations still do not concern to manage the emotions effectively. Moreover, emotions are automatic physiological responses to the environment. It will be very hard for one to control his or her emotions by hiding their true feelings within their heart. It revealed automatically. Even people that are trying to cover their true emotions can be discovered from their facial expression. Thus, this is not the fault that the organisations cannot manage the emotions effectively. This is because it is not an easy work to control the emotions of whole organisations. 2. Do you think the strategic use and display of emotions serve to protect employees, or does covering your true emotions at work lead to more problems than it solves? By covering one’s emotions can sometimes ensure a work to be done perfectly. However, people that are always covering their own emotions will always find themselves in a stressful situation and they are very hard to communicate with others. Consequently, that kind of people can be easily frustrated and lose their confidence in their jobs. Problems such as unsatisfied towards the jobs, depression, low job performance and so on will then arise. At the end, it creates more problems than what it wants to solve at first. Through the strategic use and display of emotions, the employees can express their emotions in a manner way. They have to know the ways to control their emotions even though they are working in a nasty situation. After that, they can voice up the problems that they are facing to the higher authority. In my opinion, this is even better than hiding the true emotion because the whole organisations can look into the problems deeply and try to come out with a solution. 3. Have you ever worked where emotions were used as part of a management style? Describe the advantages and disadvantages of this approach in your experience. Yes, in order to finish the task given, emotions are always being used as part of a management style. For example, as a primary teacher, he or she has to pretend to be angry when the students do not listen to the instructions even though the teacher may not be really losing the temper. Besides, as salesperson, they still have to put on their smiling mask even though the customers will always criticise their products. It is unavoidable to use emotions as part of a management style. The advantages are the goals or objectives of the work can be done smoothly and without any obstacles. Besides, the emotions that used as a management style can sometimes create conflicts which are not necessary bad things. Employees can share their problems and opinions with each others. However, these conflicts have to be solved in a short time before they become more destructive. The disadvantages are by using this method is the employees’ emotion fluctuates from time to time can create variation in job performance. Sometimes, they may not control their emotion very well and thus affect their job. Moreover, the negatives and positives emotions can distract workers and then reduce their job performance. They are not too focusing on their jobs due to the reasons of facing emotional dilemma. 4. Research shows that acts of co-workers (37%) and management (22%) cause more negative emotions for employees than do acts of customers (7%). What can Laura’s company do to change its emotional climate? Laura’s company can try to arrange training and interaction programmes for their employees. Thus, the employees are able to interact with each others and learn to know the suitable ways to express their emotions. Communications among the co-workers are very important. The company must allow the criticism from the employees and the employees must take the initiatives to voice up their opinions without hiding their true feelings. One of the ways is by allowing the employees to write anonymous letter or notes to each other. They can express their positive and negative feelings to the other co-workers. However, the employees must use suitable sentences in the letter so that it does not sound mean. The managers can also improve the employees’ moods by rewarding the employees for work well done. Positive individuals can also be selected to transmit positive moods to another colleagues in an organisations just like what the text has mentioned. How to cite Is It Okay to Cry at Work, Papers

Destination Marketing Organizations and Destination †MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Destination Marketing Organizations and Destination. Answer: Introduction Marketing is a business management process in which goods and services move from production to consumption. This process is coordinated by four business marketing aspects that include identification of the product to be developed and enhanced in the market, determining the level of value of the product or services that is its price, select the means by which the product or service will reach the consumer or rather the customer who is the main stakeholder of the product market or the place (Armstrong, et al, 2014). The last and most important strategy in marketing is implementing the promotion strategy, this involves the means by which the information about the product gets to the end user who is the consumer. Through the various marketing methods in business, the marketer is able to reach the consumer. Effective marketing process is enhanced by effective strategic planning activities. This is important to ensure that all the set marketing ethics are followed to the latter to enhance order and a positive relationship with the customer. Apart from ethical issues also known as legal issues, marketing can also be influenced by economic issues (Sheth and Sisodia, 2015). Marketing has various roles in business management on individual consumers that are enhanced to ensure marketing success of certain goods and services in the market. Through the end users, the roles exhibited have a common good to all and also enhances environmental stewardship as discussed below. As discussed above, the main objective of marketing activities in a given business environment is to get the product to the end user also known as the customer. This is beneficial to both the customer and the organization at large in enhancing development as it also results to exercising an important developmental role to the society at large. Whether its a profit making or non-profit making organization, marketing activities are vital for ensuring that target market is attracted respectively. This is important as it enhances a common good to all that are concerned with the well-being of the organizations. Some of these roles include; Provide goods and services that cater and satisfy the needs of the customers. This is an important role in marketing that ensures the esteemed customers are able to access their intended goods and services as required and in good shape. Customers being the main stakeholders in marketing, the main role and very important to marketers is to satisfy their needs and requirements with efficiency and effectiveness (Arnett and Wittmann, 2014). This ensures a positive and quality development of consumers social status and the society at large. A sense of common good in this is that the society status is raised through the customers who are able to act and perform in accordance to the set societal expectations resulting to positive environmental maintenance. Example is Woolworth Group through their CEO Banducci is striving to give the best to their customers. Creates a competitive business environment. In marketing, there are various business units that provide or offer similar goods and services to their consumers. This creates an environment in which the consumers has an opportunity to make choices on what to buy from who or where and at what time. Customers loyalty is mainly enhanced by satisfaction of services offered, if the customer is satisfied he or she is likely to remain loyal to that business unit and vice versa. Among the various factors for customers loyalty are price satisfaction, reliability of the product provider, place of the market among others. To enhance loyalty of the customer, the marketers set standard and affordable prices on the various goods that the customers require. This creates appropriate and competitive environment for both the marketer and the customer giving a common good of favorable and affordable prices to maintain the customer. This is important to enhance development of the surrounding as the custom ers needs are met. Example is Coca Cola Company and Pepsi Company that offer beverage products. Increasing product demands. Positive marketing activities enhance growth and development of both the business unit and the customer. Increasing demands signifies an increase in customers needs and requirements towards a particular product, to ensure these demands are met as required by marketing ethics, the business unit reverts by expanding its business environments as well as labor force. By increasing the labor force, more societal individuals are absorbed and trained to offer their services. This is important to the environment in that, the higher the level of skilled individuals in the society the higher the level of development both physical and in terms of skills for environmental positive growth and development. Example is the GrainCorp agribusiness developing company which has been having increase in demand of its grain farming products by the various customers (Kotler, et al, 2016). Impacting techniques important for positively changing societal behavior. Marketing is a business process that involves various personnels for its success. To ensure this, all the involved individuals have to understand the set code of ethics in marketing. A common role to deliver is enhanced by ensuring the right skills fitting every target customer group in every society is impacted to the marketers. This is important to benefiting both the business unit and the target market. The skills offered enhance the right marketing skills important in rendering the right societal social behavior. Example, anti-smoking behavior during advertisements. This enhances environmental protection from air pollution. Coca Cola Company is a good example that enhances anti-smoking behaviors during advertisements of its various beverage products. Develop dependable distribution systems that enhances access of goods and services to a large number of customers and in various geographical locations. Marketing has a role to ensuring that the means by which the goods and services reach the customers are in good shape and at any time the need arises. This is important to ensure that adequacy and reliability in marketing activities to the target market is ensured. Reaching customers at all given locations is very important for sustainability and productivity of the customers (Sok, OCass and Sok, 2013). This ensures stewardship of the environment as the customer is able to productively take place in environmental maintenance after satisfaction. Example Pepsi company having developed and distributed in the international market has a role to ensuring that all customers at the local markets have access to its beverage products for satisfaction as a gear of productivity and environmental maintenance. Analysis of marketplace activities Market place activities are enhanced at ensuring that the customer is satisfied with the goods and services provides. These activities are marketing, economic and legal frameworks as discussed below. Marketing activities involve all the actions involved in the process of production of the product to delivering it to the customer. These are characterized by the main 4Ps of marketing among the 7Ps, that is, product that is the main factor of marketing, the price of the product to be given in the market, place to where the product is taken and the means by which information is to reach the consumer through promotion. Example, marketing activities of Coca-Cola as a global beverage company has a role in marketing to ensure the right beverage product reaches the customer, the price of the product should be viable to the product value, the product should be readily available to the customer in times of need and the means by which information reaching the customer should ensure no biasness or distortion of the information given (Leonidou, et al, 2013). Economic activities at market place includes mode of payment, the means by which branding is carried out, customer relations management, level of competition among others. These economic activities at the market place enhance the process of marketing to ensuring that all the involved activities are carried out as required. Mode of payment refers to the means by which the customers pays the intended price of the sold good or service. This can be cash, inform of a cheque or use of liquid cash a current trend in payment. Branding refers to the means by which the market enhances its name or image to customers, this can be through website portals and online customer platforms. Customer relations management refers to the various ways that the marketer engages with the customer to positively influence his or her ability to buying the product or service. Example, giving discounts or other related offers to certain products. These activities are important to enhance a positive relationship wi th the customer (Keller, 2009). Legal frameworks refers to the legal implications governing the market place. These are also marketing ethics that enhance order during marketing process. They include marketing research ethics, marketing audience ethics, promotion and advertising ethics, and pricing ethics among many others. Marketing research ethics governs the process of collecting marketing data important in making marketing decisions (Pride, et al, 2012). These include invasion privacy and stereotyping during data collection. Researchers should not collect data from private sector without legal permit, they should not also stereotype customers but instead build positive relationships with customers to enhance their trust in buying the product for profit creation. Audience ethics refers to law governing the type of audience chosen for the market, potential customers should not be assumed over others. Promotion and advertisement ethics state that there should be truth and honesty in all the marketing information g iven about a product. Example, the right quality and quantity of the product should be given in line with the assigned price and value. The price of any given product should be in accordance with its determined marketing value. Legal frameworks in marketplace are very important as they enhance development, Example is Zara marketing growth as a result of strong and realistic marketing ethics (Pike and Page, 2014). Importance of ethics in marketing Ethics in marketing are very important as they help in controlling marketing activities towards achieving the set objectives important for marketing contribution to the common good and environmental stewardship as discussed below. Satisfying urgent and basic human needs. Ethics enhances fairness and honesty in dealing with customers. Every customer as well as employees in the marketing sector desire to be related with honest and fair people as they are identified with prosperity, in the same way, fairness and honesty enhanced by ethics in marketing ensures that good deeds prevail between the customer and the market thus creating an environment for a positive relationship development. This ensures that the developed relationship between them its relevant to enhance a common role of loyalty as they work together towards marketing goal achievement and in the process enhance environmental maintenance (Grnroos and Gummerus, 2014). Accountability and Transparency. Ethics in marketing ensures that all individuals involved are accountable to whatever results they give during their marketing activities. This is important to keep every involved person on toes on whatever he or she does. This creates an environment where people are able to share ideas relevant for development at the market place and the marketing activities at large. This gives basis for individuals in the marketing sector to work together to enhance maintaining a positive and developing working environment. Ethics governing accountability on marketing waste products ensures maintenance of a free environment from pollution as different people come together to ensuring these set ethics are followed to the latter (Epstein and Buhovac, 2014). Enhanced profit levels. Business units with realistic guiding ethics and values have high chances of remaining relevant in the long run as they make more profits. This is as a result of maintained order in conducting its business activities both at the market and at individual level. Example, Tata group in India was seen failing due to lack of control ethics in its marketing activities but in setting up clear and realistic ones, the company shot to high level of profits. This brought people together a sign that unity created resulted to organizational development. This is common goal that supported growth and unity among people with positivism that is similarly directed to ensuring the same company cars do not contribute to environmental pollution (Hunt and Vitell, 2006). Securing the society. Set marketing ethics ensures that even the marketers are protected enough to be able to participate in guarding the laws of the society. Law in the society has been seen acting as a silent spectator in safeguarding the societal environments. With marketing activities and ethics set in place, its easier for individuals to follow the societal law as they are reminded of the existing need to take care of the society. Example, an ethic in marketing that dictates no smoking while at work results to lack of smoke emissions for air pollution .This is a common good of no smoking while advertising that it results to air pollution prevention important to maintain the environment free from air pollution. Conclusion Marketing is a very crucial process in enhancing success of a business activity. Satisfying customers needs and requirement is the main objective of marketing and is enhanced by the 4Ps of marketing that include product, price, place and promotion. The various roles and activities of marketing ensure common good that enhance environmental stewardship. To improve on this, clear marketing strategies should be exercised to help enhance the existing once as well as improve on ethics for a successful marketing process. References Armstrong, G., Adam, S., Denize, S. and Kotler, P., 2014. Principles of marketing. Pearson Australia. Arnett, D.B. and Wittmann, C.M., 2014. Improving marketing success: The role of tacit knowledge exchange between sales and marketing. Journal of Business Research, 67(3), pp.324-331. Epstein, M.J. and Buhovac, A.R., 2014. Making sustainability work: Best practices in managing and measuring corporate social, environmental, and economic impacts. Berrett-Koehler Publishers. Grnroos, C. and Gummerus, J., 2014. The service revolution and its marketing implications: service logic vs service-dominant logic. Managing service quality, 24(3), pp.206-229. Hunt, S.D. and Vitell, S.J., 2006. The general theory of marketing ethics: A revision and three questions. Journal of Macromarketing, 26(2), pp.143-153. Keller, K.L., 2009. Building strong brands in a modern marketing communications environment. Journal of marketing communications, 15(2-3), pp.139-155. Kotler, P., Keller, K.L., Brady, M., Goodman, M. and Hansen, T., 2016. Marketing management. Pearson Education Ltd. Leonidou, L.C., Leonidou, C.N., Fotiadis, T.A. and Zeriti, A., 2013. Resources and capabilities as drivers of hotel environmental marketing strategy: Implications for competitive advantage and performance. Tourism Management, 35, pp.94-110. Pike, S. and Page, S.J., 2014. Destination Marketing Organizations and destination marketing: A narrative analysis of the literature. Tourism management, 41, pp.202-227. Pride, W.M., Ferrell, O.C., Lukas, B.A., Schembri, S. and Niininen, O., 2012. Marketing principles. Cengage Learning. Sheth, J.N. and Sisodia, R.S., 2015. Does marketing need reform? Fresh perspectives on the future. Routledge. Sok, P., OCass, A. and Sok, K.M., 2013. Achieving superior SME performance: Overarching role of marketing, innovation, and learning capabilities. Australasian Marketing Journal (AMJ), 21(3), pp.161-167.